ۿ新建文本文档﻿ÿ﻿僿 01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall,﻿ÿ﻿勿  and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until ﻿ÿ﻿俿 it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities,﻿ÿ﻿嗿  for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and﻿ÿ﻿勿 as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become ﻿ÿ﻿凿 a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have ﻿ÿ﻿䷿ the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice ﻿ÿ﻿叿 breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled ﻿ÿ﻿俿 muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand ﻿ÿ﻿勿 up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely ﻿ÿ﻿僿 different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every ﻿ÿ﻿仿 note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the ﻿ÿ﻿囿 notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility﻿ÿ﻿哿 to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers ﻿ÿ﻿俿 that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each ﻿ÿ﻿俿 overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is ﻿ÿ﻿仿 one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note ﻿ÿ﻿凿 of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these ﻿ÿ﻿䷿ sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless ﻿ÿ﻿勿 it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those ﻿ÿ﻿埿 who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing ﻿ÿ﻿ỿ works written in any century.﻿ÿ﻿ÿ﻿ÿ﻿ࣿ01 音乐的语言﻿ÿ﻿῿画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。 作曲家写完了﻿ÿ﻿⟿一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依﻿ÿ﻿⟿赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。一名学音﻿ÿ﻿⟿乐的学生要想成为 一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要﻿ÿ﻿⟿成为一名医生一样。 绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须﻿ÿ﻿⟿达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演 员相当的水平。 歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有﻿ÿ﻿⟿效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声带将不能满足演唱的要求。 弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在﻿ÿ﻿⟿左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器﻿ÿ﻿⟿演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。 钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已﻿ÿ﻿⟿在那里等待着他们了。给钢琴调音是调 音师的职责。 但调音师们也有他们的难处： ﻿ÿ﻿⟿他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让音锤发出的声音象是打击乐器，而且每个交﻿ÿ﻿⟿叠的音都必须要清晰。如何得到乐章清晰的纹理是学生指挥们所面临的难题：他们必须学﻿ÿ﻿⟿会了解音乐中的每一个音及其发音之道。 他们还必须致力于以热忱而又客观的权威去控﻿ÿ﻿⟿制这些音符。除非是和音乐方面的知识和悟性结合起 来，单纯的技巧没有任何用处。艺﻿ÿ﻿⯿术家之所以伟大在于他们对音乐语言驾轻就熟，以致于可以满怀喜悦地演出写于任何时代的作品。﻿ÿ